ORIGINAL ACADEMIC NARRATIVE REVIEW UNCONTROLLED ANTIBIOTIC USE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT, MICROBIOME DYSBIOSIS, AND LONG-TERM CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES
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Keywords: pediatric infectious diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), early-life microbiome, dysbiosis, antibiotic stewardship, pediatric clinical pharmacology.Annotatsiya
ABSTRACT
The uncontrolled and incorrect use of antimicrobials in early childhood is one of the most critical public health issues in modern pediatrics. The first 1,000 days of life are a crucial developmental period for the formation of the immune system, metabolic programming, and the establishment of the gut microbiome. This analytical review summarizes epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical data regarding the negative consequences associated with non-prescription and overused antibiotics in children aged 0–5 years. Uncontrolled antibiotic use disrupts the delicate balance of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis), leads to short-term gastrointestinal complications, accelerates the development of antimicrobial resistance and significantly increases the risk of immune-related diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, inflammatory bowel disease) as well as metabolic disorders like childhood obesity.To reduce these systemic risks, it is essential to strictly follow pediatric antimicrobial stewardship, educate doctors and parents, and improve diagnostic accuracy for acute viral respiratory infections.
