TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS: CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS
Keywords:
Key words: semiconductor materials; energy band gap; elemental semiconductors; compound semiconductors; III–V semiconductors; amorphous semiconductors; wide-band-gap semiconductors; crystal structure; charge carriers; optoelectronic devices.Abstract
Abstract
Semiconductor materials constitute the physical foundation of modern
electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaic technology. This article presents a
systematic classification of semiconductor materials according to their chemical
composition, crystal structure, and band-gap characteristics. Elemental semiconductors
(Si, Ge), compound semiconductors (III–V, II–VI, IV–IV groups), amorphous and
organic semiconductors, as well as wide-band-gap and low-dimensional
semiconductor structures are analyzed with respect to their electronic, optical, and
thermal properties. Based on a comparative analysis of literature data, the advantages
and limitations of each class of material are identified, and the correlation between
crystal structure, energy-band parameters, and practical device application is
established. The results of the study can be used in the selection of semiconductor
materials for specific electronic and optoelectronic devices, as well as in the further
development of university lecture courses on solid-state and semiconductor physics.
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